Psicologia e diabetes no Brasil: um mapeamento de profissionais e de suas ações / Psychology and diabetes in Brazil: the mapping of professionals and their practices / Psicología y diabetes en Brasil: un mapeo de los profesionales y sus acciones

Pouco se sabe sobre a atuação do psicólogo no Brasil junto a pessoas com Diabetes Mellitus. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar os psicólogos brasileiros que trabalham com essa população e suas ações. Foram convidados a responder a um questionário online psicólogos que atuam ou atuaram junto a pessoas com diabetes. Participaram 79 psicólogos, principalmente da região Sudeste (59,5%). Todos declararam que haviam cursado pósgraduação. Na amostra, predominou o gênero feminino (89,9%), com idade entre 26 e 40 anos (46,8%). A maioria dos que atuam com diabetes declarou-se autônoma ou voluntária, e quase metade trabalhava menos do que 10 horas semanais. Entre aqueles que deixaram de trabalhar com diabetes, apenas uma minoria tinha vínculo empregatício. Além do trabalho com pessoas com diabetes, a maior parte declarou exercer outras atividades profissionais, como atendimentos clínicos em consultórios particulares, sugerindo que esta não é a atividade principal. Majoritariamente, os respondentes declararam não ter conhecimentos suficientes para o atendimento específico às pessoas com diabetes. Discute-se a qualidade da formação profissional dos psicólogos no Brasil, a necessidade de aprimoramento em relação à atuação com pessoas com diabetes e as condições de trabalho.(AU)

Little is known about the practice of psychologists in Brazil caring for people with Diabetes Mellitus. The aim of this research was to identify the Brazilian psychologists who work with this population and describe their actions. Psychologists who work or have worked with people diagnosed with diabetes were invited to answer an online questionnaire. The 79 participants lived mainly in the Southeast Region (59.5%). All of them declared to have a graduate degree, most were female (89.9%), aged 26 to 40 years (46.8%). Most of those working with diabetes declared to be autonomous or voluntary, and almost half had a workload of less than 10 hours a week. Among those who stopped working with diabetes, only a minority had a formal employment contract. In addition, most of them stated that they had other professional activities related to clinical care in private offices, suggesting that working with diabetes is not their main activity. Mostly, respondents stated that they did not have enough knowledge to care for people with diabetes. The quality of professional education of psychologists in Brazil, the need for specific improvement in labor relations and conditions were discussed.(AU)

Son escasas las informaciones del trabajo de los psicólogos en Brasil con las personas con Diabetes Mellitus. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los psicólogos brasileños que trabajan con esta población y describir sus acciones. Se invitó a psicólogos que trabajan o hayan trabajado con personas con diabetes a responder un cuestionario en línea. Participaron 79 psicólogos, principalmente de la región Sureste de Brasil (59,5%). Todos declararon tener posgrado. En la muestra hubo una mayor prevalencia del género femenino (89,9%), de edades de entre 26 y 40 años (46,8%). La mayoría de los que trabajan con personas con diabetes se declararon autónomos o voluntarios, y casi la mitad trabajaba menos de 10 horas a la semana. Entre los que dejaron de trabajar con las personas con diabetes, solo una minoría tenía una relación laboral. Además de trabajar con personas con diabetes, la mayoría afirmó tener otras actividades profesionales, como la atención clínica en consultorios privados, lo que sugiere que esta no es su actividad principal. La mayoría de los encuestados afirmaron que no tenían los conocimientos suficientes para atender específicamente a las personas con diabetes. Se discuten la calidad de la formación profesional de los psicólogos en Brasil, la necesidad de mejora en relación con el trabajo con personas con diabetes y las condiciones laborales.(AU)

Complicaciones clínicas en los pacientes ingresados por pie diabético en el Instituto de Angiología / Clinical complications in patients admitted for diabetic foot in the Institute of Angiology

Introducción: El pie diabético se considera un grave problema de salud global por ser la principal causa de amputación no traumática y de las elevadas tasas de morbimortalidad, y por tener consecuencias socioeconómicas negativas en el paciente. Objetivo: Identificar las complicaciones clínicas en los pacientes ingresados por pie diabético en el Instituto Nacional de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo-retrospectivo de corte transversal en 102 pacientes diabéticos de tipo 2, ingresados en 2019 en el Servicio de Angiopatía Diabética del Instituto Nacional de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular por tener diagnosticado pie diabético. Las variables en estudio fueron: edad, sexo, tipo de diabetes mellitus y su tiempo de evolución, tipo de pie diabético, cirugía realizada, y presencia y tipo de complicaciones clínicas. Se calcularon las frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Resultados: Prevaleció el sexo masculino, el grupo etáreo entre 61 y 70 años, y los pacientes con más de 10 años de evolución de la diabetes mellitus. El pie diabético con grado 2 y 3 de Wagner y el pie diabético neuroinfeccioso resultaron los más frecuentes. La cirugía más realizada fue la amputación de dedos, por lo que predominó el nivel de amputación menor, seguido de los desbridamientos quirúrgicos. Las complicaciones que mostraron frecuencias de más del 20 por ciento fueron la anemia, la hiperglucemia y la bronconeumonía. Conclusiones: Las complicaciones más frecuentes en los pacientes ingresados por pie diabético resultaron la anemia, la hiperglucemia y la bronconeumonía(AU)

Introduction: Diabetic foot is considered a critical health concern worldwide, as long as it is the leading cause of nontraumatic amputation and the increased rates of mobility and mortality, as well as for having negative socioeconomic consequences to the patient. Objective: To identify clinical complications in patients admitted for diabetic foot to the National Institute of Angiology and Vascular Surgery. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive-retrospective study was carried out in 102 patients with type 2 diabetes and admitted in 2019 to the diabetic angiopathy service of the National Institute of Angiology and Vascular Surgery, for having a diagnosis of diabetic foot. The variables under study were age, sex, type of diabetes mellitus and its time of evolution, type of diabetic foot, surgery performed, and presence and type of clinical complications. The absolute and relative frequencies were calculated. Results: There was a prevalence of the male sex, the age group between 61 and 70 years, and the patients with more than ten years of evolution of diabetes mellitus. Wagner's grades 2 and 3 diabetic foot and neuroinfectious diabetic foot were the most frequent. The most performed surgery was finger amputation, so the level of minor amputation predominated, followed by surgical debridements. The complications that showed frequencies of more than 20 percent were anemia, hyperglycemia, and bronchopneumonia. Conclusions: The most frequent complications in patients admitted for diabetic foot were anemia, hyperglycemia, and bronchopneumonia(AU)

Caracterización de los pacientes revascularizados con pie diabético isquémico / Characterization of patients with revascularized ischemic diabetic foot

Introducción: El pie diabético se considera un problema de salud a escala mundial, debido al alto número de ingresos en los servicios hospitalarios. Objetivo: Caracterizar a los pacientes con pie diabético isquémico sometidos a cirugía revascularizadora en el Instituto Nacional de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo en 24 pacientes que ingresaron en el Servicio de Angiopatía Diabética del Instituto Nacional de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular con el diagnóstico de pie diabético isquémico, a los cuales se les realizó cualquier tipo de cirugía revascularizadora durante el período comprendido entre abril de 2018 y abril de 2019. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, factores de riesgo ateroscleróticos y enfermedades asociadas, patrón topográfico, clasificación de Fontaine, clasificación hemodinámica según la American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF) y técnicas quirúrgicas utilizadas. Se calcularon las frecuencias absolutas y relativas para las variables cualitativas. Resultados: Más del 95 por ciento de los pacientes eran mayores de 50 años. Hubo un predominó del sexo masculino (79,2 por ciento). La hipertensión arterial y el hábito de fumar resultaron los factores de riesgo de mayor frecuencia con igual porcentaje (79,8 por ciento). El patrón oclusivo predominante fue el fémoro-poplíteo (75 por ciento) y la técnica quirúrgica más utilizada resultó el bypass fémoro-poplíteo con prótesis sintética en la primera porción de la poplítea (54,1 por ciento). No se necesitó la amputación después de la cirugía en el 83 por ciento de los enfermos. Conclusiones: Los pacientes se caracterizaron por ser en su mayoría adultos mayores, fumadores e hipertensos. A estos se les realizaron, preferentemente, técnicas quirúrgicas convencionales sobre los procederes endovasculares(AU)

Introduction: Diabetic foot is considered a global health problem, due to the high number of hospital admissions. Objective: Characterize patients with ischemic diabetic foot undergoing revascularization surgery at the National Institute of Angiology and Vascular Surgery. Methods: A descriptive and retrospective study was carried out in 24 patients who were admitted in the Diabetic Angiopathy Service of the National Institute of Angiology and Vascular Surgery with the diagnosis of ischemic diabetic foot, whom underwent any kind of revascularization surgery during the period from April 2018 to April 2019. The variables studied were: age, sex, atherosclerotic risk factors and associated diseases, topographic pattern, Fontaine classification, hemodynamic classification according to the American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF) and surgical techniques used. Absolute and relative frequencies for qualitative variables were calculated. Results: More than 95 percent of patients were over 50 years of age. There was a predominance of the male sex (79.2 percent). High blood pressure and smoking habit resulted in the most common risk factors with the same percentage (79.8 percent). The predominant occlusive pattern was the femoro-popliteal (75 percent) and the most commonly used surgical technique was the femoro-popliteal bypass with synthetic prosthetics in the first portion of the popliteal (54.1 percent). No amputation was needed after surgery in 83 percent of patients. Conclusions: Patients were characterized by being mostly older adults, smokers and hypertensive ones. Preferably conventional surgical techniques on endovascular proceedings were performed to these patients(AU)

Comparação da eficácia da retinografia colorida e da angiografia fluorescente no diagnóstico da retinopatia diabética / Comparing efficacy of fundus photography and fluorescein angiography in the diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a efetividade da retinografia colorida e a da angiografia fluorescente no diagnóstico e no rastreio da retinopatia diabética. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, com base na análise de resultados de ambos os exames de 398 pacientes diabéticos. Resultados: Os resultados da angiografia coincidiram com os da retinografia em 77,4% dos casos, e não houve diferença significativa no estadiamento e na identificação da retinopatia pelos dois métodos. Conclusão: Não houve diferença significativa em relação à capacidade diagnóstica da doença pelos métodos descritos, demonstrando não existir benefício em indicar a angiografia como avaliação inicial do paciente diabético.

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess effectiveness of fundus photography and fluorescein angiography in diagnosis and screening of diabetic retinopathy. Methods: A retrospective study of 398 diabetic patients, based on analysis of results of both tests. Results: Results of fluorescein angiography and fundus photography coincided in 77.4% of cases, and there was no significant difference in staging and identification of retinopathy by both methods. Conclusion: There was no significant difference between both methods regarding the capacity to diagnose the disease, showing no benefit in indicating fluorescein angiography as initial assessment of diabetic patients.

Composition of Ophiopogon Polysaccharide, Notoginseng Total Saponins and Rhizoma Coptidis Alkaloids Inhibits the Myocardial Apoptosis on Diabetic Atherosclerosis Rabbit / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effects of Composition of Ophiopogon polysaccharide, Notoginseng total saponins and Rhizoma Coptidis alkaloids (CONR) on myocardial apoptosis of diabetic atherosclerosis (DA) rabbits METHODS: Sixty male New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into 6 groups [control group, model group, CONR high-dose group (450 mg/kg), CONR medium-dose group (150 mg/kg), CONR low-dose group (50 mg/kg), and simvastatin group] by using a completely random method, 10 in each group. DA model was established by intravenously injected alloxan combined with high-fat diet and abdominal aortic balloon injury. After mediation for 10 weeks, fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (GHB), glycosylated serum protein (GSP), fructoseamine (FRA), aldose reductase (AR), advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in serum were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method; the expression of receptor of AGEs (RAGE) in myocardial tissue were observed by immunohistochemical method; and p-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), caspase-3, B-cell lymphoma-2 (bcl-2) protein expression in myocardial tissue were measured by Western blotting. The myocardial apoptosis was detected by TdT-mediated dUTPnick-end labeling (TUNEL) method, and apoptosis index (AI) was calculated.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the control group, serum FBG, GHB, GSP, FRA, AR, AGEs and the expression of myocardium RAGE, p-JNK, caspase-3 proteins, as well as apoptosis index (AI) were significantly increased and bcl-2 protein was significantly decreased in the model group (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, the levels of serum FBG, GHB, GSP, FRA and AR showed a significant decline in CONR high- and medium-dose groups (P<0.01). FBG and GHB showed a significant decline in CONR low-dose group (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, the expression of serum AGEs and myocardium RAGE, p-JNK and caspase-3 protein as well as AI were significantly decreased and bcl-2 protein was significantly up-regulated in all treatment groups (P<0.01); high-dose CONR had the most significant effect on abovementioned indices compared with other treatment groups (P<0.01). Middle-dose CONR had better effect on serum AGEs compared with the low-dose group (P<0.01); middle-dose CONR and simvastatin groups had better effect on the expression of caspase-3, bcl-2 protein, myocardium apoptosis compared with the CONR low-dose group (P<0.01).@*CONCLUSION@#CONR may effectively inhibit myocardial apoptosis on DA rabbits by intervening AGEs-RAGE and JNK, caspase-3, and bcl-2 protein expressions.

Clinacanthus nutans: Its potential against diabetic vascular diseases

Diabetes is an independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease, with approximately 80% of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity linked to vascular complications such as atherosclerosis. It has been estimated that up to one-third of patients with diabetes mellitus use some form of complementary and/or alternative medicine. One plant that has received attention from diabetic patients for its perceived antidiabetic properties is Clinacanthus nutans, a member of the Acanthaceae family that is known as snake grass. Ethnomedical applications of this herb have been identified for the treatment of certain conditions, including fever, diabetes, skin rashes, and insect bites. This review aims to assess the potential of C. nutans to be used in the prevention and/or treatment of diabetic vasculopathy. Evidence for antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and dyslipidemic properties of C. nutans, as shown from experimental studies, is presented and discussed. Diabetes, inflammation, and hyperlipidemia are known to play significant roles in the initiation and severity of diabetic cardiovascular disease; thus, targeting these factors might be beneficial for preventing and/or treating diabetic vasculopathy.

Rubeosis faciei diabeticorum is not associated with oxidative stress and skin autofluorescence

Abstract Background Rubeosis faciei diabeticorum is a persistent facial erythema in patients with diabetes mellitus. The actual pathogenesis has not been studied. However, it is speculated to be a cutaneous diabetic microangiopathy. Objective Examine the correlation between the severity of facial erythema and the possible causes of microvascular diabetic complications, namely oxidative stress, hyperglycemia, and cutaneous accumulation of advanced glycation end-products . Methods Patients diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (n = 32) were enrolled in the study. The facial erythema index was measured using the Mexameter MX18; cutaneous accumulation of advanced glycation end-products was estimated by measuring skin auto fluorescence with the AGE Reader (DiagnOptics Technologies B.V. - Groningen, Netherlands). Glycated haemoglobin, total antioxidant status, and malondialdehyde were measured in blood by TBARS assay. The correlation between the selected variables was assessed by Spearman's rank test; p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results There was a statistically significant correlation between total antioxidant status and the facial erythema index (ρ = 0.398, p = 0.024). Malondialdehyde, skin autofluorescence, glycated haemoglobin, body mass index, duration of diabetes, and age did not demonstrate statistically significant correlation with the facial erythema index. Study limitations This is an observational study. Elevation of total antioxidant status could have been caused by several factors that might have also influenced the development of rubeosis faciei, including hyperbilirubinemia and hyperuricemia. Conclusions The results contradicted expectations. Total antioxidant status correlated positively with facial erythema index; however, there was no correlation with oxidative stress and skin autofluorescence. Further investigations should be conducted to reveal the cause of total antioxidant status elevation in patients with rubeosis faciei.

Características de la neuropatía autonómica cardiovascular en pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 / Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy characteristics in patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

La neuropatía autonómica cardiovascular en el paciente diabético (NACD) se define como una complicación crónica de la diabetes de tipo microangiopática, que se expresa en disautonomía del sistema cardiovascular. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal cuyo objetivo fue la caracterización epidemiológica y clínica de los pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 con NACD que acudieron a la Unidad de Diabetes del CCR-ASCARDIO de la ciudad de Barquisimeto, estado Lara durante el mes de diciembre del año 2014. La muestra estuvo conformada por 68 individuos diabéticos tipo 2, con una prevalencia de NACD según la prueba de RV del 63,2%, por ortostatismo de 45,6% y por taquicardia sinusal inapropiada de 8,8%. Hubo un predominio del género femenino y un mayor porcentaje de pacientes con NACD no tenían control metabólico de la diabetes y tenían más de 5 años con la enfermedad. En conclusión, se sugiere el diagnóstico precoz de la DM así como la identificación temprana de síntomas que sugieran el desarrollo de disautonomía por deterioro neuropático del sistema cardiovascular en estos pacientes(AU)

Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in diabetic patients (CAN) is defined as a chronic complication of diabetes (DM) of the microangiopathic type, which is expressed as dysautonomia of the cardiovascular system. We performed an observational descriptive cross-sectional study to characterize clinically and epidemiologically type 2 diabetic patients with CAN that were attended in December 2014 at the Unidad de Diabetes of CCR-ASCARDIO in Barquisimeto, Lara state. The sample consisted of 68 type 2 diabetic patients with a prevalence of CAN according to the RINES VALCARDI (RV) test of 63.2%, by orthostatism of 45.6% and by the presence of inappropriate sinus tachycardia of 8.8%. In patients with CAN, there was female predominance and a greater percentage of patients had more than five years with diabetes and no metabolic control their disease. In conclusion, it is important to make an early diagnosis of diabetes and clearly identify symptoms that suggest dysautonomia in these patients(AU)

Efectividad de la cirugía arterial en pacientes diabéticos en un período de cinco años / Effectiveness of arterial surgery in diabetic patients over a period of five years

Introducción: La macroangiopatía diabética constituye un serio problema para los pacientes que la portan y la cirugía revascularizadora constituye una alternativa de tratamiento. Objetivo: Demostrar la efectividad de las cirugías arteriales realizadas en pacientes diabéticos en un período de cinco años. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, en 71 historias clínicas de pacientes portadores de macroangiopatía diabética que recibieron cirugía arterial en el Instituto Nacional de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular (enero/2011- diciembre/2015). Se analizaron las variables: edad, género, color de la piel, supervivencia de la extremidad, estado de permeabilidad de los injertos y frecuencia de fallecimientos, que en su conjunto medirán la efectividad de la cirugía. Resultados: Hubo un incremento lineal de las cirugías revascularizadoras. La edad media fue de 64,5 ± 9,7 años, con un 67,6 por ciento de mayores de 60 años y más del 60 por ciento eran hombres. El 52,9 por ciento tenía piel blanca, el 80,3 por ciento tuvo grado 4 según Fontaine y el 66,2 por ciento tenía oclusión arterial severa. En más del 90 por ciento se realizó cirugía derivativa o endarterectomía, el 87,3 por ciento tuvo afectado el sector infrainguinal y en el 64,8 por ciento sobrevivió la extremidad. No se registraron muertes perioperatorias ni fallecidos a los seis meses. El 63 por ciento de las cirugías fueron permeables a los seis meses. Conclusiones: Las cirugías arteriales son efectivas pues la mayoría de los pacientes mantienen la extremidad afectada y no se registran fallecimientos perioperatorios ni a los seis meses de evaluación, además, la mayor cantidad de injertos resultaron ser permeables en ese tiempo(AU)

Introduction: Diabetic macroangiopathy is a serious problem for patients who suffer it; and revascularization surgery is an alternative to its treatment. Objective: To show the effectiveness of arterial surgeries performed in diabetic patients over a period of five years. Methods: Descriptive, retrospective study in 71 clinical records of patients with diabetic macroangiopathy who received arterial surgery at the National Institute of Angiology and Vascular Surgery (January / 2011- December / 2015). The variables analyzed were: age, gender, skin color, survival of the limb, state of permeability of the grafts and frequency of deaths, which as a whole will measure the effectiveness of the surgery. Results: There was a linear increase in revascularization surgeries. The mean age was 64.5 ± 9.7 years, with 67. 6 percent of people over 60 years old, and more than 60 percent were men. 52.9 percent had white skin, 80.3 percent had grade 4 according to Fontaine and 66.2 percent had severe arterial occlusion. In more than 90 percent, derivative surgery or endarterectomy was performed; 87.3 percent had affectations in the infrainguinal sector and in 64.8 percent the limb survived. There were no perioperative deaths or deaths at six months. 63 percent of the surgeries were permeable at six months. Conclusions: Arterial surgeries were effective because the majority of patients maintained the affected limb and there were no perioperative deaths neither at the six months evaluation; in addition, most of the grafts were permeable in that time(AU)

Intinerário terapêutico de pessoas com DM2 que sofreram amputação: (des) encontros com os profissionais e o sistema de saúde / Therapeutic itinerary of people with DM2 who suffered amputation: (dis) meetings with professionals and the health system

Objetivo: analisar o itinerário terapêutico de usuários da APS que sofreram amputação de membro inferior por complicação da Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2, abordando aspectos relacionados aos profissionais de saúde e a organização do sistema de saúde em diferentes níveis de atenção. Método: Pesquisa qualitativa, realizada com seis usuários que sofreram amputação de membros inferiores derivados do DM2 de um serviço de Atenção Primária. A coleta de dados foi realizada mediante pesquisa nos prontuários e entrevista semi-estruturada, gravadas, transcritas e analisadas à luz da Análise de Conteúdo. Resultados: Emergiram duas categorias relacionadas ao itinerário da amputação e os des(encontros) com os profissionais da saúde e sistema de saúde. Considerações finais: Diante disso, os itinerários terapêuticos dos sujeitos demonstraram as fragilidades da Rede de Atenção á Saúde no cuidado do portador de DM. Foram muitos desencontros na busca por cuidado, situações traumáticas e falta de sensibilidade com sua condição de saúde. (AU)

Modelos constitutivos hiperelásticos del tejido arterial y su valoración para considerar el descontrol metabólico / Hyperelastic constitutive models of arterial tissue and its assessment to consider metabolic uncontrol

Introducción: Las arterias elásticas se caracterizan por un comportamiento hiperelástico anisotrópico, no lineal y cuasi -incompresible, el cual depende de la contribución y distribución de los principales constituyentes. Su evaluación a través de modelos constitutivos junto con enfoques numéricos apropiados puede contribuir potencialmente al estudio de enfermedades como la aterosclerosis, así como al modelado de las intervenciones quirúrgicas o traumas por accidente. Objetivo: Valorar los modelos constitutivos que caracterizan el comportamiento biomecánico de la pared arterial para la identificación del potencial adecuado que permita la correlación de parámetros bioquímicos y mecánicos, en condiciones de daño. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica entre los años 2010-2016 en las bases de datos: Medline, Cochrane Library, Lilacs, así como en el meta-buscador Google. Se consultaron estudios de cohorte, prospectivos, retrospectivos, clínicos, epidemiológicos, revisiones bibliográficas y ensayos clínicos. Resultados: El modelo constitutivo anisotrópico de dos familias de fibras resulta apropiado para obtener nuevas relaciones constitutivas, que aporten más información sobre las propiedades mecánicas de las arterias bajo la influencia del descontrol metabólico generado por la acción de la diabetes mellitus, en los estadios tempranos de la aterosclerosis. Conclusiones: Los cambios en la estructura, composición y propiedades mecánicas que sufre la pared arterial, debido al descontrol metabólico, permite aseverar que la formulación de un modelo adecuado para representar esta realidad es una etapa crucial en la obtención de nuevas relaciones constitutivas, que contribuyan a una solución satisfactoria en el diagnóstico clínico no invasivo de las enfermedades vasculares(AU)

Introduction: The elastic arteries are characterized by a hyper-elastic, anisotropic, non-linear and quasi-incomprehensible behaviour, which depends on the contribution and distribution of the main constituents. Its evaluation through constitutive models together with appropriate numerical approaches can potentially contribute to the study of pathologies such as atherosclerosis, as well as to the modelling of surgical interventions or traumas by accident. Objective: To assess the constitutive models that characterize the biomechanical behavior of the arterial wall for the identification of the adequate potential that allows the correlation of biochemical and mechanical parameters in damage conditions. Methods: A bibliographic review was conducted from 2010 to 2016 in databases such as: Medline, Cochrane Library, Lilacs, as well as in the metasearch engine Google. There were consulted cohort, prospective, retrospective, clinical, epidemiological studies, bibliographic reviews and clinical trials. Results: The constitutive anisotropic model of two families of fibers is appropriate to obtain new constitutive relations, which provide of more information about the mechanical properties of the arteries under the influence of the metabolic decontrol generated by the action of diabetes mellitus, in the early stages of atherosclerosis. Conclusions: The changes in the structure, composition and mechanical properties of the arterial wall as a consequence of the metabolic decontrol allows to assert that the formulation of a suitable model to represent this reality is a crucial stage in obtaining new constitutive relations that contribute to a satisfactory solution in the non-invasive clinical diagnosis of vascular diseases(AU)

Effects of Coexistence Hypertension and Type II Diabetes on Heart Rate Variability and Cardiorespiratory Fitness / Efeitos da Coexistência de Diabetes Tipo 2 e Hipertensão sobre a Variabilidade da Frequência Cardíaca e Capacidade Cardiorrespiratória

Abstract Background: Type 2 diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is associated with cardiac autonomic dysfunction, which is an independent predictor of mortality in chronic diseases. However, whether the coexistence of systemic arterial hypertension (HTN) with DMT2 alters cardiac autonomic modulation remains unknown. Objective: To evaluate the influence of HTN on cardiac autonomic modulation and cardiorespiratory fitness in subjects with DMT2. Methods: 60 patients of both genders were evaluated and allocated to two groups: DMT2 patients (n = 32; 51 ± 7.5 years old) and DMT2 + HTN patients (n = 28; 51 ± 6.9 years old). RR intervals were obtained during rest in supine position. Linear and nonlinear indices of heart rate variability (HRV) were computed using Kubios HRV software. Pulmonary gas exchange was measured breath-by-breath, using a portable telemetric system during maximal incremental exercise testing on a cycle ergometer. Statistical analysis included Shapiro-Wilk test followed by Student's t Test, Pearson correlation and linear regression. Results: We found that patients in the DMT2+HTN group showed lower values of mean RR intervals (801.1 vs 871.5 ms), Shannon entropy (3 vs 3.2) and fractal dimension SD 1 (9.5 vs 14.5), when contrasted with patients in the DMT2 group. Negative correlations were found between some HRV nonlinear indices and exercise capacity indices. Conclusion: HTN negatively affects the cardiac autonomic function in diabetic patients, who are already prone to develop autonomic dysfunction. Strategies are need to improve cardiac autonomic functionality in this population.

Resumo Fundamento: A diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) está associada com disfunção autonômica cardíaca, que é um preditor independente de mortalidade em doenças crônicas. No entanto, ainda não se sabe se a coexistência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) e DM2 altera a modulação cardíaca autonômica. Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência de HAS sobre a modulação da função autonômica cardíaca e capacidade cardiopulmonar em indivíduos com DM2. Métodos: 60 pacientes de ambos os sexos foram avaliados e alocados em dois grupos; pacientes DM2 (n = 32; 51 ± 7,5 anos) e pacientes DM2 + HAS (n = 28; 51 ± 6,9 anos). Intervalos RR foram obtidos durante repouso e em posição supina. Índices lineares e não lineares da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) foram registrados utilizando-se o programa Kubios HRV software. A troca gasosa pulmonar foi medida a cada inspiração, utilizando-se um sistema telemétrico portátil durante o teste incremental máximo de exercício em cicloergômetro. A análise estatística incluiu o teste Shapiro-Wilk seguido do teste t de Student, a correlação de Pearson e a regressão linear. Resultados: Encontramos que pacientes do grupo DM2+HAS apresentaram valores mais baixos de intervalos RR (801,1 vs 871,5 ms), entropia de Shannon (3,0 vs 3,2) e DP1 da dimensão fractal em comparação aos pacientes do grupo DM2. Foram encontradas correlações negativas entre alguns índices não lineares da VFC e índices da capacidade do exercício. Conclusão: A HAS afeta negativamente a função autonômica cardíaca em pacientes diabéticos, os quais já são propensos a desenvolverem disfunção autonômica. Estratégias são necessárias para melhorar a função autonômica cardíaca nessa população.

Stationary Treatment Compared with Individualized Chinese Medicine for Type 2 Diabetes Patients with Microvascular Complications: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial / 中国结合医学杂志

BACKGROUND@#Microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes (T2DM), including diabatic retinopathy (DR), diabetic kidney disease (DKD), diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) are the leading causes of visual loss, end-stage renal disease or amputation, while the current therapies are still unsatisfactory. Chinese medicine (CM) has been widely used for treating diabetic mellitus. However, most of the previous studies focused on the single complication. The role of CM treatment in T2DM patients with 2 or multiple microvascular complications is not clear.@*OBJECTIVE@#To appraise the curative effect of CM in T2DM patients with 2 or multiple microvascular complications, and to compare the effects of stationary treatment and individualized treatment in T2DM patients with microvascular complications.@*METHODS@#This trial will be an 8-center, randomized, controlled study with 8 parallel groups. A total of 432 patients will be randomized to 8 groups: DR study group (32 cases) and a corresponding control group (32 cases), DR+DKD study group (64 cases) and a corresponding control group (64 cases), DR+DPN study group (64 cases) and a corresponding control group (64 cases), DR+DKD+DPN study group (56 cases) and a corresponding control group (56 cases). The control group will receive stationary treatment, and the study group will receive individualized treatment based on CM syndrome differentiation in addition to stationary treatment. The study duration will be 50 weeks, comprising a 2-week run-in period, 24 weeks of intervention, and 24 weeks of follow-up. The outcomes will assess efficacy of treatment, improvement in CM symptoms, safety assessments, adherence to the treatment, and adverse events.@*CONCLUSION@#This study will provide evidence of evidence-based medicine for CM treatment in two or multiple microvascular complications caused by T2DM. (Registration No. ChiCTR-IPR-15007072).

The Role of Advanced Glycation End Products in Diabetic Vascular Complications

In cases of chronic hyperglycemia, advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are actively produced and accumulated in the circulating blood and various tissues. AGEs also accelerate the expression of receptors for AGEs, and they play an important role in the development of diabetic vascular complications through various mechanisms. Active interventions for glucose and related risk factors may help improve the clinical course of patients by reducing AGEs. This review summarizes recent updates on AGEs that have a significant impact on diabetic vascular complications.

Diabetes e lesão cardiovascular - uma consequência inexorável / Diabetes and cardiovascular injury ­ an inexorable consequence

A doença cardiovascular do paciente com diabetes possui múltiplos mecanismos. As manifestações clínicas são variadas, sendo particularmente prevalentes a doença macro e microvascular, a insuficiência cardíaca e a insuficiência renal crônica. Os mecanismos manifestam-se de maneira gradual e diversificada, dependendo do grau de controle glicêmico e de outros fatores de risco associados. A disfunção autonômica, alterações metabólicas glicêmicas e lipídicas, ativação do sistema renina angiotensina aldosterona, disfunção endotelial, comprometimento energético, hipertensão arterial, obesidade e aumento da atividade inflamatória e pró-trombótica têm sido descritos e parecem relacionados ao fenótipo clínico da doença. Uma vez que complicações como doença coronariana, insuficiência cardíaca e renal sejam diagnosticadas, o prognóstico da doença torna-se mais crítico, apesar do notável avanço terapêutico.

The cardiovascular disease in diabetics has multiple mechanisms. The clinical manifestations are diverse, with macro and microvascular disease, heart failure and chronic kidney failure being particularly prevalent. The mechanisms appear gradually and are diverse in form, depending on the degree of glycemic control and other associated risk factors. Autonomic dysfunction, glucose and lipid metabolic abnormalities, renin angiotensin system activation, endothelial dysfunction, energetic impairment, arterial hypertension, obesity and increased inflammatory and prothrombotic activity have been described and appear to be related to the clinical phenotype of the disease. When complications such as coronary heart disease, heart failure or kidney failure are diagnosed, the prognosis of the disease becomes more critical, in spite of notable therapeutic advances.

Caracterización de pacientes con pie diabético del Hospital General Docente Dr Agostinho Neto, Guantánamo / Characterization of patients with diabetic foot of the Hospital General Docente Dr Agostinho Neto, Guantánamo

Introducción: el pie diabético es un problema de salud, sin embargo, en el Servicio de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular del Hospital General Docente Dr Agostinho Neto se desconocen las características de los pacientes con esta afección. Objetivo: para profundizar en las posibles causas se realizó esta investigación con el objetivo de caracterizar a los pacientes con diagnóstico de pie diabético atendidos en este servicio durante el 2016. Método: se realizó un estudio de tipo observacional, descriptivo, y transversal en el total de pacientes atendidos con esta enfermedad (n=205). Resultados: el pie diabético fue más frecuente en mujeres, entre los 61 y 70 años de edad, con diabetes tipo 2 y más de 16 años de evolución de la enfermedad. Fue más común la forma clínica neuroinfecciosa y fue elevado el porcentaje de pacientes amputados, sobre todo las amputaciones menores. Fallecieron dos pacientes. Conclusiones: se concluyó que dicho padecimiento fue más frecuente en mujeres con edad entre 61 y 70 años, la forma clínica neuroinfecciosa la más común y que se realizaran amputaciones menores. La letalidad en los pacientes con pie diabético fue baja(AU)

Riesgo vascular en personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y dislipidemia / Vascular risk in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia

Introducción: la dislipidemia constituye un factor de riesgo vascular frecuente en la diabetes tipo 2. Objetivo: identificar la relación entre las alteraciones lipídicas y el riesgo vascular en la diabetes tipo 2. Métodos: estudio transversal y correlacional de 111 personas con diabetes tipo 2 y dislipidemia (41 con primaria y 70 con secundaria), atendidas en el Centro de Atención al Diabético del Instituto Nacional de Endocrinología, durante 2014-2015. Se analizaron las variables: edad, sexo, tabaquismo, índice de masa corporal, circunferencia de cintura, índices cintura-cadera y cintura-talla, presión arterial sistólica y de pulso, colesteroles total, lipoproteínas de baja densidad y las lipoproteínas de alta densidad, triglicéridos, apoproteínas A y B, hemoglobina glucosilada, complejo íntima-media carotídeo y riesgo cardiovascular por tablas de la OMS y Gaziano. Para comparar variables cualitativas (porcentaje), se utilizó prueba de Fisher y para cuantitativas ( ± DE), U de Mann-Whitney. Para todos los análisis, se asumió una p< 0,05. Resultados: la disminución de lipoproteínas de alta densidad-colesterol fue la alteración de fracción lipídica que más se relacionó con alteración de variables clínicas y bioquímicas, para ambas dislipidemias. La dislipidemia primaria se asoció con mayor riesgo cardiovascular según tablas de la OMS (p= 0,015). Conclusiones: la dislipidemia primaria y la disminución de lipoproteínas de alta densidad-colesterol se relacionaron con mayor riesgo vascular(AU)

Introduction: dyslipidemia is a frequent vascular risk factor in type 2 diabetes. Objective: to identify the relation between lipid alterations and vascular risk in type 2 diabetes. Methods: cross-sectional and correlational study of 111 people with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia (41 of them with primary and 70 with secondary) attended at the Diabetics Care Center of the National Institute of Endocrinology during 2014-2015. The variables analyzed were: age, sex, smoking habit, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-hip and waist-height indexes, systolic and pulse blood pressure, total cholesterol, low density lipoproteins and high density lipoproteins, triglycerides, apoproteins A and B, glycosylated hemoglobin, carotid intima-media complex; and cardiovascular risk by WHO and Gaziano tables. To compare qualitative variables (percentage), Fisher's test was used, and for quantitative ( ± DE), Mann-Whitney U. For all analyzes, a p< 0.05 was assumed. Results: the decrease of high density-cholesterol´s lipoproteins was the alteration of lipid fraction that was more related to the alteration of clinical and biochemical variables, for both dyslipidemias. Primary dyslipidemia was associated with a higher cardiovascular risk according to WHO tables (p= 0.015). Conclusions: primary dyslipidemia and the decrease of high density-cholesterol´s lipoproteins were associated with a higher vascular risk(AU)

Ficha de avaliação clínica de membros inferiores para prevenção do pé diabético / Ficha de avaliação clínica de membros inferiores para prevención do pé diabético / Clinical evaluation form of lower members for diabetic foot prevention

Objetivo: Elaborar ficha de avaliação clínica (FAC) dos membros inferiores (MIs) para prevenção do pé diabético (PD). Métodos: Partindo de revisão da literatura, elaborou-se uma FAC com 4 fases: as fases 1 e 2 contemplam o exame clínico (anamnese e exame físico, respectivamente) com ênfase na avaliação dos pés e na pesquisa de fatores de risco para úlceras; a fase 3 avalia o autocuidado com os pés e a fase 4 descreve as principais orientações para este cuidado. Resultados: Após a realização das fases 1 e 2, segue uma classificação de risco de ulceração dos pés. A fase 3 avalia com dez questões os cuidados com os pés e a fase 4 apresenta dez orientações educacionais para prevenção do PD. Conclusão: A FAC proposta possibilita detectar e intervir precocemente no risco de ulceração nos pés.

Objective: To elaborate a clinical evaluation sheet (CES) of the lower limbs (LL) for diabetic foot (DF) prevention. Methods: Based on literature review, a four-phased CES has been elaborated: phases 1 and 2 contemplate clinical evaluation (anamnesis and physical evaluation, respectively) with emphasis on feet evaluation and search for soreness risk factors; phase 3 evaluates feet care and phase 4 describes the main guidelines for this care. Results: With the completion of phases 1 and 2, a feet soreness risk rating follows. Phase 3 evaluates feet care with ten questions and phase 4 presents ten educational guidelines for DF prevention. Conclusion: The proposed CES enables the detection and early intervention on foot soreness risk.

Objetivo: Desarrollar formulario de evaluación clínica (FEC) de los miembros inferiores (MIs) para la prevención del pie diabético (PD). Métodos: A partir de la revisión de la literatura, fue preparada una FEC con 4 fases: fases 1 y 2 incluyen examen clínico (anamnesis y la exploración física, respectivamente), con énfasis en la evaluación de los pies y los factores de riesgo para buscar úlceras; fase 3 se evalúa el auto-cuidado con sus pies y la fase 4 se describen las pautas principales para este tipo de atención. Resultados: Después de la terminación de las fases 1 y 2 sigue la clasificación de riesgo de la ulceración de los pies. Fase 3 evalúa con diez preguntas del cuidado de los pies y la fase 4 presenta diez directrices educativas para prevenir el PD. Conclusión: La propuesta FEC permite detectar e intervenir temprano en riesgo de ulceración de los pies.

Associação entre doença celíaca e complicações do diabetes em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1: revisão sistemática / Association of celiac disease and complications of diabetes in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients: sistematic review

Devido à genética comum e à interação entre fatores ambientais e imunológicos, os pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 possuem um maior risco de desenvolverem outras doenças autoimunes, como a doença celíaca. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a associação entre a doença celíaca e a presença de complicações do diabetes em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura, empregando as bases de dados PubMed, Web of Science, SciELO e LILACS. Foram estabelecidos como critérios de elegibilidade: estudos observacionais originais redigidos em português, inglês ou espanhol, que avaliaram a associação entre a doença celíaca e a presença de complicações do diabetes em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1. O processo de busca resultou em 3.651 artigos, e 13 foram incluídos no estudo. As principais complicações do diabetes avaliadas nos estudos selecionados foram nefropatia (34,8%) e retinopatia (26,1%), seguidas de hipoglicemia (13,0%), níveis reduzidos de HDL-colesterol (8,7%), neuropatia periférica (4,3%), aterosclerose subclínica (4,3%), doença cardiovascular (4,3%) e cetoacidose (4,3%). Para os níveis reduzidos de HDL-colesterol, doença cardiovascular, aterosclerose subclínica e neuropatia periférica, 100% dos estudos encontraram associação entre a doença celíaca e a presença destas complicações do diabetes. Com relação à retinopatia, nefropatia e hipoglicemia, 50%, 37,5% e 33,3% dos estudos encontraram associação, respectivamente, enquanto que nenhum estudo encontrou associação entre a doença celíaca e a cetoacidose. Portanto, foi verificada associação entre a doença celíaca e a presença de complicações do diabetes em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1.(AU)

Due to common genetics, and to interaction between environmental and immunologic factors, patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus have a higher risk to develop other autoimmune diseases, such as celiac disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between celiac disease and the presence of complications of diabetes in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. A systematic review of literature was performed, using PubMed, Web of Science, Scielo and Lilacs databases. Eligibility criteria were: original observational studies written in Portuguese, English or Spanish, which evaluated the association between celiac disease and the presence of diabetes complications in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. The research resulted in 3651 papers, and from these, 13 were included in the study. The main complications of diabetes evaluated in the studies selected were nephropathy (34.8%) and retinopathy (26.1%), followed by hypoglycemia (13.0%), lower levels of HDL cholesterol (8.7%), peripheral neuropathy (4.3%), subclinical atherosclerosis (4.3%), cardiovascular disease (4.3%), and ketoacidosis (4.3%). Regarding lower levels of HDL cholesterol, cardiovascular disease, subclinical atherosclerosis, and peripheral neuropathy, 100% of the studies found an association between celiac disease and the presence of these complications of diabetes. Regarding retinopathy, nephropathy and hypoglycemia, 50%, 37.5% and 33.3% of the studies found some association, respectively, while none of the studies detected any association between celiac disease and ketoacidosis. Therefore, an association between celiac disease and the presence of diabetes complications in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus was observed.(AU)